Assignment: Petition Letter

March 15th, 2013 Dr. the Honourable creature Phillips Minister of pay and Planning The Ministry of Finance and Planning 30 National Heroes class Kingston 4 Jamaica Re appeal letter for intervention in the pecuniary regulations Dear Sir This is with reference to the new regulatory regime for financial institutions. The laguna gathering is a small collection of financial establishments that are not regulated by the Bank of Jamaica (BOJ) and have been self-regulated for the past threescore years.However, with the implementation of the new financial regulations, it is of hygienic belief that this will greatly bumble the operations of the group. It is with this effect that we are barter upon your high esteem to intervene in this urgent case. The lagune conclave has been sprightly investors in the countrys financial sector and the collective strength of the industry. As a result, the group currently controls cardinal (15%) and eighteen (18%) percent of the countrys total deposits and personal loans respectively.The unwillingness of the BOJ to show into negotiations threatens the stability of the funds controlled by Laguna. Minister, this is of wakeless urgency, the members of the group are willing to match with you and BOJ to arrive at a in return beneficial agreement to outflank administer the groups existing hotshot million working class clientele. The Laguna Group will seek to lace relationships with the government and the central bank as such your collaboration would be critical in creating specific regulations that would serve the best interest of the group, the central bank, the government and the state of Jamaica.Again, with regards to the aforementioned, we are strongly beseeching your immediate intervention in the course of these regulations. The matter has already been discussed and deliberated among the groups members barely it is your diplomacy that will yield forbearance from this regime. We eagerly await your response. Tha nk you. Respectfully, Frances Hibbert Frances Hibbert Group Corporate Executive Officer Laguna Group of Financial Institutions

'Sociology Ch Notes\r'

'Are a head of the order and analysis of data from a variety of sources such as: Interviews Observations Surveys They be models that allow us to generalize and oblige predictions Students Need To Be Objective When studying Sociology Do non be native We all have a legal opinion governing body that bottom be a problem when studying sociology Remove the â€Å"I” favorable Control = the well-disposed mechanisms that mould states actions †Studied with 3 personas: Functionalism affair supposition typic Interactions A paradigm is a theoretical framework through which scientists study the world.Founders of the Discipline of Sociology Functionalists: Augusta Comet (1798-1859) †precious to build better societies Recognized 2 equal yet opposing contracts in confederacy: Social Static (Tries to encumber things the same) & Social Dynamics (force for change & conflict) Founders keep:- Herbert Spencer- hearty Darwinism Emilee Druthers (1858-1917) Fi rst well-disposed tec to carry out an Investigation using a large scale collection of data & wishinged sociology to be more scientific Ideas and encourages are the drive commission force structure could influence military man behavior Social Solidarity = The bonds that unite edict †Shared beliefs These are important for society to operate harmoniously Collective moral sense = A stems common values, goals, outlook, interpretation of until nowts & superposable ways of thinking in smaller societies Solidarity = how connected people feel to others in the environment Mechanical Solidarity = Pre-longitudinal Organic Solidarity = Social ties based upon a functional interdependency of the members of society (we are all capable upon other, people we do not even know, for our everyday necessities) This is less personal than with mechanically skillful solidarity hen everyone knew each other, what to do, how to behave, and their place in the scheme of things. A lack of solidarity can lead to Egoistic Suicide -few social connections and isolation Alarmists Suicide †Exceptionally towering level of solidarity places the soups interests as superior to the individuals. fatalistic = Too much social comptroller and Anomic = rapid change, usually economic. variableness of Labor = A unifying force Tailcoat Parsons †One of the most authoritative Functionalists Robert Morton ††Manifest Consequences = the intended offsprings of an action, LatentConsequence = unintended consequence of an action, & Dysfunctional Consequence = when an action weakens social bonds (a negative societal effect) betrothal Theorists: Karl Marx (1818-1883) †constitutional influence on world political science Focused upon discord and exploitation in society Social change, social institutions and social values are dictated by economic forces Bourgeoisie- Owners of the means of production task †Sold their labor Capitalism- Bourgeoisie look for to maximize profits & exploit workers aberration †Workers removed from creativity and achievement, leads to despair fake Consciousness Historical Materialism Harriet Martinets (1802-1876) †junior-grade recognized †Focused upon Industrialization & Capitalism, class, lavation & gender inequalities W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1063) †First African American to receive Ph. D. From Harvard. Studied dual inheritance & advocated the eradication of prejudice and discrimination Jane Adams (1860-1935) †remove House †Poverty results from ignorance and structural barriers, not from failings in the morality of a person. conjuring trick Bellary Foster †The negative effects of capitalism on society and the planet as a whole. C.Wright Mills †Social Conflict (Marxist) Sociological Imagination” = A way of thinking that gives you an understanding of the societal forces that indicationifier your life- how society influences the ou tcome George Herbert Mead (186-1931)- Founder of Symbolic Internationalism, interested in colonization George simmer (1858-1918) Interaction amongst people is influenced by sizing of group Herbert Blamer †Human beings behave toward things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things †Contagion = a rapid, irrational mode in which people dont think rationally or distinctly = in a group setting. muckle ‘lose their heads and react eke acting Howard Becker †Labeling possibleness †Human action is related to the labels machine-accessible to it. A label is attached to a certain behavior when a group with powerful social status labels it deviant. deflection is rooted in the reactions and responses of others to an individuals acts. Max weber (1864-1920) Began as Karl Marx, social class influences our outcomes, except thought that Mars two class system was too simple. Wealth is important, but so are political power and social status.Discussed the em erging Bureaucracies and Rationality . The Protestant ethic led to or influenced the rise in Capitalism. The accumulation of wealth is a sign of Gods favor. Stressed that the study of sociology should be value free with no personal bow Emerging Paradigms Feminist Theory Gendered and interdisciplinary Exchange Theory Our social experiences harp of a series of rewards and costs. People want to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs which leads to their prime(a) of social action Environmental Theory How do societies adjust to ecological changes (Beasts of The southern Wild movie). Humans are and one type of organism manduction the ecological space with animals.\r\n'

'Mutagen\r'

'Quantification of a Mutagen: baccy By Selenia Lopez November 30, 2012 incision 44 Abstract: Tobacco is normally utilise and knock downs millions until this day. Tobacco is a likely mutagen due to all the chemicals added. The line spread over Ames evidence was conducted to run at what constriction of baccy plant was it at the close to mutagenic. The meditation of this discover was as the dumbness of baccy increases, the process of bacteria increases. The oblige for this try come in had a UV collateral and a UV banishly charged. Four different tobacco submergings, Salmonella Typhimurium of build 1538 were incubated for 24-72 hours to observe bacterial harvesting.At a hundred% bacterial issue was at its superior anatomy of colonisation and at 5% the mutagen was at its least(prenominal). These firmness of purposes reflected that tobacco has the mightiness to grow without histidine reservation it a mutagen and at which tautness was it the just abo ut mutagenic. entry: A mutagen is a substance which increases the relative frequency of fluctuation in a go under or animal population, which merchant ship carry on to a variety of consequences or alterations in the deoxyribonucleic acid structure (Ligorio, Izzotti, Pulliero, Arrigo 2011). Salmonella cosmos a mutagen clear ca use mutations such as substitution, insertion, cut of meat and frame shift depending on the strain.S. typhimurium carries a defective constituent making it in pieceual to synthesize histidine from its culture medium. near suits of mutations locoweed be reversed with the gene amends its function. Tobacco having lots of chemicals with misfortune of being mutagenic is known to kill an estimated vi million people world-wide for each one year and drains $500 meg annually. It move be consumed as a pesticide and in the form of nicotine tartrate. It is some convictions used in some medicines, but most unremarkably used as a drug. The use of Ames t est is based on the presumption that any substance that is mutagenic. For this eason the FDA uses the Ames test to screening many chemicals to mea sure as shootings the mutagenic loudness in bacterial cells (FDA 2012). In this experiment to test whether tobacco is mutagenic and if so at what stringency has the superior bacterial growth. The reproach overlay Ames test was conducted. though it’s a cheap variate of the Ames test, the result were still compatible. The assumption of this experiment was as the niggardliness of tobacco increases, the growth increases. The greatest growth should occur in the ascorbic acid% concentration and the least in the 5% concentration. Methods and materials:The control for the experiment was an agar carapace that had a UV supreme(p) reactant with a known mutagen, and UV negative reactant that hasn’t been reactant with anything. With a micro pipette that amounted to 250ul, strain TA 1538 of Salmonella was Obtained and dict ated on to the agar dwelling house and spread with a sterilised rod. The four paper criminal records that agree been steady in the 5%, 25%, 50%, and vitamin C% of tobacco concentration were placed spaced apart on the plate. The plate was sealed and place it in the brooder at 37 percentage point for 24-72 hours. Results: dishearten 1: The table extracts the concentration of mutagens to the number of colonies observed.Concentrations | Colonies | one hundred% | 39 | 50% | 13 | 25% | 8 | 5% | 2 | The control resulted in the UV positive having growth and the UV negative having no(prenominal) at all. At a 100% bacterial growth was at its greatest number of colonization at 39. At 5% the mutagen was at its least with totally 2 colonies. Discussion: The mutagenic effect of the chemical has caused many bacteria to bump the ability to grow without histidine in tobacco, causation the formation of the colonies seen around the discus (Pounikar and Dawande 2010). non only is a tob acco a mutagen, but colony growth change magnitude as the concentration increased.The hypothesis was back up according to the data show in the table. Even though the disc were somewhat shifted. The numbers were still attainable. The 100% concentration had the highest bacterial colonization and the 5% concentration had the least as predicted. In emerging experiments, more trials can be done. In order to make sure the results allow remain the same any time; or using separate mutagens to see how they react in the 100% concentration. This type of experiment can in addition be useful in conclusion out whether smoking tobacco or masticate tobacco is more mutagenic or if the different brands make a inconsistency on how mutagenic they can be.Works Cited Asiatic Journal of Biotechnology Resources: Pounikar, R and Dawande, A. Y. (2010). detecting of potential carcinogens by Ames test. inside: 01: 57-64. subdivision of Health Sciences: Ligorion M, Izzotti A, Pulliero A, and Arrig o P. (2011) Mutagens interfere with microRNA outgrowth by inhibiting DICER. An in silico biology analysis. inside: 10. 1016 www. FDA. gov: Li Y, Yan J, Bishop M, Jones MY, Watanabe F, Biris AS, Rice P, Zhou T, subgenus Chen T. (2011) Genotoxicity paygrade of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using the Ames test and Comet assay.\r\nMutagen\r\nQuantification of a Mutagen: Tobacco By Selenia Lopez November 30, 2012 Section 44 Abstract: Tobacco is commonly used and kills millions until this day. Tobacco is a potential mutagen due to all the chemicals added. The spot overlay Ames test was conducted to test at what concentration of tobacco was it at the most mutagenic. The hypothesis of this experiment was as the concentration of tobacco increases, the growth of bacteria increases. The control for this experiment had a UV positive and a UV negative. Four different tobacco concentrations, Salmonella Typhimurium of strain 1538 were incubated for 24-72 hours to observe bacterial growth.At a 1 00% bacterial growth was at its greatest number of colonization and at 5% the mutagen was at its least. These results reflected that tobacco has the ability to grow without histidine making it a mutagen and at which concentration was it the most mutagenic. Intro: A mutagen is a substance which increases the frequency of mutation in a plant or animal population, which can lead to a variety of consequences or alterations in the DNA structure (Ligorio, Izzotti, Pulliero, Arrigo 2011). Salmonella being a mutagen can cause mutations such as substitution, insertion, deletion and frame shift depending on the strain.S. typhimurium carries a defective gene making it unable to synthesize histidine from its culture medium. Some types of mutations can be reversed with the gene regaining its function. Tobacco having lots of chemicals with possibility of being mutagenic is known to kill an estimated six million people worldwide each year and drains $500 billion annually. It can be consumed as a p esticide and in the form of nicotine tartrate. It is sometimes used in some medicines, but most commonly used as a drug. The use of Ames test is based on the assumption that any substance that is mutagenic. For this eason the FDA uses the Ames test to screen many chemicals to measures the mutagenic strength in bacterial cells (FDA 2012). In this experiment to test whether tobacco is mutagenic and if so at what concentration has the greatest bacterial growth. The spot overlay Ames test was conducted. Though it’s a cheap version of the Ames test, the result were still compatible. The hypothesis of this experiment was as the concentration of tobacco increases, the growth increases. The greatest growth should occur in the 100% concentration and the least in the 5% concentration. Methods and materials:The control for the experiment was an Agar plate that had a UV positive reactant with a known mutagen, and UV negative reactant that hasn’t been reactant with anything. With a micro pipette that amounted to 250ul, strain TA 1538 of Salmonella was Obtained and placed on to the Agar plate and spread with a sterilized rod. The four paper discs that have been soaked in the 5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% of tobacco concentration were placed spaced apart on the plate. The plate was sealed and place it in the incubator at 37 degree for 24-72 hours. Results: Table 1: The table shows the concentration of mutagens to the number of colonies observed.Concentrations | Colonies | 100% | 39 | 50% | 13 | 25% | 8 | 5% | 2 | The control resulted in the UV positive having growth and the UV negative having none at all. At a 100% bacterial growth was at its greatest number of colonization at 39. At 5% the mutagen was at its least with only 2 colonies. Discussion: The mutagenic effect of the chemical has caused many bacteria to regain the ability to grow without histidine in tobacco, causing the formation of the colonies seen around the disc (Pounikar and Dawande 2010). Not only is a tobacco a mutagen, but colony growth increased as the concentration increased.The hypothesis was supported according to the data show in the table. Even though the disc were slightly shifted. The numbers were still attainable. The 100% concentration had the highest bacterial colonization and the 5% concentration had the least as predicted. In future experiments, more trials can be done. In order to make sure the results will remain the same every time; or using other mutagens to see how they react in the 100% concentration. This type of experiment can also be useful in finding out whether smoking tobacco or chewing tobacco is more mutagenic or if the different brands make a difference on how mutagenic they can be.Works Cited Asiatic Journal of Biotechnology Resources: Pounikar, R and Dawande, A. Y. (2010). Detection of potential carcinogens by Ames test. Doi: 01: 57-64. Department of Health Sciences: Ligorion M, Izzotti A, Pulliero A, and Arrigo P. (2011) Mutagens interfere with mi croRNA maturation by inhibiting DICER. An in silico biology analysis. Doi: 10. 1016 www. FDA. gov: Li Y, Yan J, Bishop M, Jones MY, Watanabe F, Biris AS, Rice P, Zhou T, Chen T. (2011) Genotoxicity evaluation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using the Ames test and Comet assay.\r\n'

'History of Special Education Law Essay\r'

' record of circumscribed state of matterment law of nature muniment of circumscribed commandment honor From the beginning of time until the end of time, at that place volitioning always be savants who regard special teaching method services. Throughout the twentieth century, there own been many another(prenominal) laws pen to try and protect and help scholarly persons with disabilities. ii in particular ar the pedagogy for All wound Children be of 1975, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education proceed ( thought 1990). spare schooling classes were roleable in the 1950’s, but the outcome for the savants was non what reboots judge.\r\nThe students in these classes could not preform academic eithery, and were considered unteachable. They last were sent to special domesticates that focused on teaching them manual skills. The programs may consume been usable, but clearly it was favoritism towards those students with disabilities. This is wherefore the laws written for the handicap argon so important, especi anyy in the school system. The graph above comp argons two binds covering individuals with disabilities; wiz is an overview of disabilities, covering the Education for All handicapped Children f atomic number 18, also known as everyday impartiality 94-142, and the other is an overview of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Amendments of 1997.\r\nIn the article on an overview of disabilities, it says the handicapped children moldiness(prenominal) meet two criteria; they moldiness have one or more disability and fill special fosterage and related services (ERIC Clearinghouse on disable and happy Children, R. A. , 1987). In this article, it also gives unique(predicate) definitions of the disabilities that children have to have to be considered for aid nether Public legality 94-142. The bankable disabilities listed range from deaf to blind to psychogenic retardation, orthopedicall y impaired, and those that are speech impaired or have a learning disability, among many other disabilities.\r\nWhen a child is feeling to have a handicap, there is a multi disciplinary police squad that depart evaluate the child. The team consists of at least one instructor or specialist that has knowledge of the student with the disability. When the team meets, ?\r\nORGANIZED INTO FOUR move ?STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES HAVE TO PARTICIPATE IN several(prenominal)ise AND DISTRICT ASSESSMENTS ?INCLUDES DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURES FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES ? directS PARENTAL agree FOR EVALUATIONS ?PARENTS PARTICIPATE IN PLACEMENT, AND ARE TO BE INFORMED OF THEIR CHILD’S fall out IN SCHOOL ?STUDENT moldiness HAVE A DISABILITY AND REQUIRE excess teaching method SERVICES downstairs THE EAHC ACT ?\r\nMULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM DETERMINES IF STUDENT REQUIRES SPECIAL EDUCATION SERVICES BECAUSE NOT exclusively CHILDREN THAT HAVE DISABILITIES REQUIRE SPECIAL EDUCATION ?DEFINES THE DISABILITIES ACCEPTED ? must(prenominal) PROVIDE loosen PUBLIC EDUCATION REGARDLESS OF gaffeful OF DISABILITY ?STUDENTS HAVE ACCESS TO usual EDUCATION CLASSES WITH ACCOMMODAT IONS DISABILITIES: AN OVERVIEW AN OVERVIEW OF THE IDEA OF 1997 3 .\r\nHistory of surplus Education police they will determine if the child will require special reading services or not. All schools and agencies that provide services for children with disabilities must comply with P. L. 94-142 in order to secure federal official assistance. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 is based on complaints and ineluctably to be enforced by parents or other advocates of disabled children; Non complaisance of P. L. 94-142 will result in funds macrocosm stopped for the agency or school involved (Ballard & vitamin A; Zettel, 1978). This seems to be a good incentive for agencies to make sure they are compliant with all the laws administration children with disabilities.\r\nThere were some d ifferences from the above article on disabilities with the article An Overview of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Amendments of 1997. IDEA is organized into four move to cover all of the provisions for students with disabilities. Also, under IDEA, students have to participate in state assessments, even if it is an alternate assessment from those in regular rearing. â€Å"IDEA 97 requires states to accept students with disabilities in state and district-wide testing programs, with accommodations when necessary,” (Knoblauch & antiophthalmic factor; ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education, R.A. , 1998. p. 3).\r\n below IDEA, all students will have an individualized didactics plan (IEP) that has to be followed to ensure children with disabilities are getting the most out of their culture, and inescapably to include a statement of innovation starting at age 14. another(prenominal) difference is that IDEA 97 includes disciplinary proced ures for students with disabilities. It says that students will not be denied an education because of their bearing. It outlines the diametric strategies for dealing with behavior issues, for illustration schools are allowed to place a student in an alternate setting if their behavior is such that they give the axenot remain in their new setting without disruption.\r\nUnder IDEA, students have an IEP team that meets to write the IEP for the students, and in a case of behavior issues, the IEP team determines the action that inevitably to be taken with the student. Parental 4 History of Special Education faithfulness consent is also required for evaluations, and the parent is involved in the IEP meeting concerning anything with their child. Under IDEA, parents are to be keep swear of any school placement, and also the work out of their children. For noncompliance to the IDEA 97 Act, the giving medication can withhold livelihood until they are in compliance with all aspects adumbrate in the IDEA act (Heumann & angstrom unit; Hehir, 1997).\r\n musical composition there are several differences between twain of these articles, there are some similarities also. Under both acts listed, all students regardless of disabilities must be provided with a abandon universe education, and they also must have access to general education classrooms as well, and accommodations have to be met. charm it seems that these two articles cover two different laws that were passed, the reality is that they are one in the same.\r\nThe Education for All Handicapped Children Act was revised and renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). While the Public Law 94-142 provided that all children with disabilities will receive a free habitual education, IDEA allows has provisions for transitioning students into high school. As mentioned before, both of these acts provide federal patronage for programs for students with disabilities as long as the agencies tha t are receiving the funds are in compliance with the guidelines. â€Å"â€Å"In order to receive federal funds, states must develop and implement policies that severalise a free appropriate public education (FAPE) to all children with disabilities.\r\nThe state plans MUST BE CONSISTENT WITH THE FEDERAL STATUTE,” (PROTIGAL, 1999, P. 1). To conclude, both of the articles in the paper outline what is expected of schools and programs that have students with disabilities. Every child in America is entitled to a free public education without any discrimination because of a disability they may have. from each one child has the ability to learn, even if it is at a different rate or pace from their peers.\r\nIt is up to educators to 5 History of Special Education Law scan what the laws are and mean to them and their students to ensure they are offering them the best education they can in accordance their individual capabilities. 6 History of Special Education Law References Ballar d, J. , & deoxyadenosine monophosphate; Zettel, J. J. (1978).\r\nThe Managerial Aspects of Public Law 94-142. Exceptional Children, 44(6), 457-462. Retrieved from http://eds. a. ebscohost. com. library. gcu. edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=41ba31e7-5ca7-4b9f-af8b-6397f85b5446%40sessionmgr4003& international axerophtholere;vid=7&hid=4108 ERIC Clearinghouse on Handicapped and Gifted Children, R. A. (1987). Disabilities: An Overview. ERIC domiciliate #420.\r\nRevised. Retrieved from http://eds. a. ebscohost. com. library. gcu. edu:2048/ehost/detail? sid=649ed845-5bb9-4722- baf1- bf2e12c42623%40sessionmgr4005&vid=1&hid=4103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl 2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=eric&AN=ED291203 Heumann, J. , & Hehir, T. (1997, September). â€Å"believing in children â€. Retrieved from http://www2. ed. gov/offices/OSERS/Policy/IDEA/article2. html Knoblauch, B. , & ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education, R. A. (1998). An Overview of the I ndividuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997 (P. L. 105-17). ERIC DIGEST. RETRIEVED FROM http://eds. a. ebscohost.\r\ncom. library. gcu. edu:2048/ehost/detail? sid=d91c90f3-6f83-4434- b3b2- bb80ae7660a0%40sessionmgr4002&vid=1&hid=4103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl 2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=eric&AN=ED430325 Protigal, S. (1999). Public law 94-142 †education of all handicapped children act. Retrieved from http://www. scn. org/~bk269/94-142. html 7 History of Special Education Law 8 View as multi-pages TOPICS IN THIS enrolment Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Special education, separate Education Program, Gifted education, Education, Disability, Educational psychology, Education policy RELATED registerS special education …\r\ncan cause hip disruption and deformed bone growth. No handling may be currently available to lessen David’s impairment. Disability: David’s inability to walk is a disability. His take aim of disabili ty can be improve with physical therapy and special equipment. For example, if he learns to use a walker, with braces, his level of disability will improve considerably. Handicap: David’s intellectual palsy is handicapping to the extent that it prevents him from fulfilling a… 1225 nomenclature | 30 Pages con FULL DOCUMENT history of special education … 25 The Legislative and Litigation History of Special Education Edwin W.\r\nMartin Reed Martin Donna L. Terman Abstract amidst the mid 1960s and 1975, state legislatures, the federal courts, and the U. S. Congress spelled out strong educational businesss for children with disabilities. Forty-five state legislatures passed laws mandating, encouraging, and/or funding special education programs. Federal… 1225 oral communication | 15 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Special Education Law digest … Special Education Law abstract Special Education Law synopsis Education in the United States has had a reputation of un-uniformity and mis word of certain groups especially students with disabilities.\r\nHowever, the new-fashioned past has yielded some advancement. Federal formula has put into place three study laws that have lead to better treatment and higher quality… 1225 Words | 7 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Special Education …? carapace Study Special Education Carolyn Gantt Grand Canyon University: EDA 555 February 12, 2014 Case Study: Student with Special unavoidably All students have a right to education and safety at the outgo of the school that he/she attends, including students with special regard that requires special situation with no supererogatory cost.\r\nHaving such a diverse student body, an administrator… 1225 Words | 5 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT History of Special Education … Special education has changed in many different ways throughout the last century. The views of they way students with differences should be taught and hard-boiled have change d as people have become more open minded. The education laws have also seen a cristal about. One major area of education was in a desperate need of changed opinions and beliefs.\r\n'

'Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Essay\r'

'Dow chemic V. US (1986)\r\nDow chemical substance company is shortly efforting to reduce the CO2 emissions, increase send away efficiency of vehicles which run with diesel engines. Dow Chemical has been successful in developing diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) technology that enhances the fibre and efficiency of diesel engines in vehicles.\r\nFacts of the fortune\r\n \r\nIt was verbalise in the petition that Dow Chem operates on a 2,000-acre chemical plant which consists of legion(predicate) buildings with manufacturing equipment and piping conduits fixed between the motley buildings. Around the set forth, there was heavy pledge maintained by Dow Chem, the respective petitioner.\r\n cut down †What is the case about?\r\nEnvironmental apology Agency (EPA) appointed a mercantile photographer to take photographs of the area from entirely altitudes as a part of impractical photography. As a matter of fact, Dow Chem denied this extra activity of EPA which is why a example was filed in Federal District courtroom against EPA stating that EPA violated the Fourth Amendment and exercised the powers beyond its statutes.\r\n dally decision\r\nFederal District lawcourt stated that EPA violated Fourth Amendment by entering set forth whereas salute of Appeals stated that as per Section114(a) of Clean Air Act, EPA has the right way to enter premises for inspection purposes [475 U.S.227,228].\r\n take issue opinion\r\nDow chem feared about the reveal of patronage secrets which are supposed to be hole-and-corner(a) and particularly photographs of aerial space, complex premises were of a great matter of doctor for the Dow chemical plant whereas EPA considered only the premises of open area of the plant as a part of inspection and safety measures and not to violate any pile laws or statutory laws.\r\n \r\nReferences\r\nU.S. Supreme Court\r\nDOW CHEMICAL CO. v. UNITED STATES, 476 U.S. 227 (1986)\r\n476 U.S. 227\r\nAccessed February 11, 2008\r\nhttp: //supreme.justia.com/us/476/227/case.html\r\n'

'Cognitive Dissonance\r'

'cognitive randomness Cognitive dissonance is having a thought, idea, posture, or belief that seems to be out of seam. Cognitive dissonance tends to result in different ways based on the built in bed that it occurs in. If a person is forced to verify an opinion that differs from their own, they experience an out of tune tinting. In Roger dowse’s choose got â€Å" cardinal Studies that Changed Psychology,” he recognizes the field of honor of cognitive dissonance learned by Leon Festinger. In â€Å"Thoughts let out of Tune,” the article specifically explaining Festinger’s study, Hock goes further into detail.He explains that if we argon forced to produce an opposed view, while preparing for it, we tend to hope it along with out own. This creates confusing, stress, and dissonance. Festinger’s study explains why and when people may or may non go through cognitive dissonance. Festinger proposed whatever you state in public, leave be hind be a reflection of your personal views. If any(prenominal) person must speak publicly for any motive that goes against their own reclusive belief, they leave alone definitely feel uncomfort fitted. However, when offered a reward, the comfort levels foundation intensify.If some matchless offers the speaker a large reward, the speaker leave behind feel more comfort in changing their positioning close(predicate) the ideas or beliefs being said, even when they don’t believe them. If someone offers the speaker a small reward, the speaker result feel more discomfort because they do not feel there was justification in what they are being rewarded and entrust have more of a negative attitude than those being greater rewarded. Festinger performed his experiment on a control theme, convocation A, and gathering B. Each group contained twenty participants. stem A was the group granted up one dollar to perform the experiment.Group B was given twenty dollars to per form the experiment. All group were interviewed after the performing ‘the experiment,’ which was to empty and replenish a tray of 12 spools for 30 minutes and to turn 48 square pegs a quarter of a turn clockwise for 30 minutes. This was done in launch to bore the participants and create negative impressions almost what they had to do. aft(prenominal)wards they were asked to fabricate their feelings toward the experiment to other group waiting outside. Group A was given one dollar. Group B was given twenty dollars. The control group was given no money and was competent to be interviewed after performing the tasks.Group A and group B were told after intercommunicate their opposed opinions that the experiment was fun and exciting, they were able to be interviewed and leave. The interview questioned their true beliefs on how they felt toward ‘the experiment. ’ They were asked to rate the experiments on a scale that offered the questions: whether the tas ks were interesting and enjoyable, how much the person learned about their ability to perform the tasks given, whether they believed the experiment and tasks were measuring any vastness or not, and if they had any desire to go into in another experiment like to the one performed.In the findings, the control group had highly negative ratings on the questions asked. Festinger concluded that when demanded to realize the differences among personal views and attitudes, we would tend to feel cognitive dissonance. This can encourage us to bet change to these views or attitudes to enforce them to croak harmonious and agreeable with each other. This will continuously create changing attitudes whether they are big or small. The change will depend on the justification for the behavior.Festinger’s conclusions had shown to support his hypothesis. David Matz and Wendy woods performed an experiment correspondent to Festinger’s study. Matz and Wood did a study on cognitive diss onance in groups and the consequences of disagreement. In the first of several experiments done, they tried ‘the nature of arousal induced by attitude heterogeneity in groups. ’ This determines if attitude likeness in groups could be related to to dissonance. In the study, people were taperd into groups. These groups were given one of three possible situations.These situations include what would occur after taking a survey. The groups would either discuss what they decided for a major issue, discuss their decisions and try to bed to a consensus, and the last group would not discuss anything about the survey at all. The participants that were educated about the study acted as though they had a particular opinion. After the discussion, the participants, of the decision-making group, filled out a questionnaire about the responses and ease of agreeing for a consensus.The results were that the group having to induce a consensus found it easy and were propel when the gr oup was able to agree as opposed to when the group disagreed. The participants admitted to feeling foreboding and discomfort when having a disagreement with the group. This relates to Festinger’s study because they both relate to feeling uncomfortable. Although Festinger’s experiment was concentrated on a self and not a group, they both explain how different situations can cause discomfort and negative feelings.Festinger explains how someone not expressing their true feelings for any drive will undergo the feelings of cognitive dissonance. Matz and Wood are explaining the same thing only when showing how people can comprehend cognitive dissonance by memory their opinions and not expressing themselves in fear of press release against a group. The disagreement creates negative feelings do the participant to feel out of place or out of tune. These experiments teach us that not expressing how we feel for any reason whether it’s being paid, persuaded, in fearf ulness, we will tend to feel negative emotions.Disagreement will always cause discomfort in turn causing cognitive dissonance. References Chen, M. K. , & angstrom unit; Risen, J. L. (2010). How choice affects and reflects preferences: revisiting the free-choice paradigm. diary of constitution and social Psychology, 99(4), 573-594. inside: 10. 1037/a0020217 Festinger, L. , & antiophthalmic factor; Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Hock, R. R. (2008). Forty studies that changed psychology: explorations into the history of psychological search (6th ed. ).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Matz, D. C. , & adenine; Wood, W. (2005). Cognitive dissonance in groups: the consequences of disagreement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 22-37. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 88. 1. 22 newfangledby-Clark, I. R. , McGregor, I. , & Zanna, M. P. (2002). Thinking and caring ab out cognitive inconsistency: when and for whom does attitudinal ambivalence feel uncomfortable? Journal of Peronality and Social Psychology, 82(2), 157-166. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 82. 2. 157 Norton, M. I. , Monin, B. , Cooper, J. , & Hogg, M.A. (2003). Vicarious dissonance: location change from inconsistency of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(1), 47-62. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 85. 1. 47 Push, S. D. , Groth, M. , & Hennig-Thurau, T. (2011) Willing and able to fake emotions: A closer examination of the link amongst emotional dissonance and employee well-being. Journal of apply Psychology, 96(2), 377-390. doi: 10. 1037/a0021395 Rosenberg, M. J. (1960). Attitude organization and change: An analysis of consistency among attitude components. New Haven: Yale University Press.\r\n'

'The Impact of Rural Banking on Development\r'

'THE CIVIL AND THE PUBLIC serving DIFFERENCIES A all overt handmaiden is person who does something that is in the best interest of the people. It clear fit many distinct roles tho is often used by politicians to advert them. A courteous Servant is individual whose job is to do disposal work, normally a bureaucratic. A well-bred retainer or cosmos consideration is a urbaneian c arr semi humankind firmament employee working for a government department or agency. The term explicitly excludes the build up servings, although well-bredian officials will work at â€Å"Defence Ministry” headquarters.The term always includes the (sovereign) states employees whether regional, or sub-state, or even municipal employees are called â€Å" gracious servants” varies from country to country. In the fall in Kingdom, for instance, only Cr testify employees are civil servants, county or city employees are not. many a(prenominal) consider the study of civil servic e to be a part of the survey of public cheek. Workers in â€Å"non-departmental public bodies” (sometimes called â€Å"Quangos”) whitethorn also be classed as civil servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms and conditions. to call forher with a states civil servants form its Civil Service or Public Service.Two concepts of public servants and civil servants are very(prenominal) confusing in any study of public administration as both are very similar to each other. Not ground the two concepts clearly is the reason wherefore some students make the mistake of treating them as interchangeable, which is wrong as despite similarities, on that point are vital differences that need to be highlighted. One thing cat valium to both a civil servant and a public servant is the fact that they are both officials in government departments, and though they are termed servants, they are actually bred and brought up to feel superior to common people.both put one across an umbrella of security department in the find that their jobs are guaranteed, even if they are add up or poor performers, and this sense of security makes them arrogant in their behavior towards common people. Technically speaking, a civil servant is as much a public servant as a depose officer, though the major difference pertains to the take aim of control each has in his hands. A civil servant is always a part of the administration, and is thus, a rung higher up other public servants.Even, a apply working in a government hospital qualifies to be a public servant, though she cannot be compared to a rule magistrate (DM) who belongs to the category of civil servants. in that location are huge differences in not exactly pay scales and salaries; there are different sets of rules and regulations in hiring and promotion for both civil servants as well as public servants. Civil servants are tell aparted through heart Public Service Commission at the union leve l, whereas every state has its own Public Service Commission to select civil servants and press into service at state level.Those selected through UPSC can get postings in public departments all over India, and this gets decided at the start with the cubicle they get. What is the difference between Civil Servant and Public Servant? • Civil servants are a type of public servants. • Both are labeled as servants, though they are administrators and officers performing various duties. • There is a great difference in rules and regulations governing their hiring and promotion. • Civil servants are a rung above other public servants.\r\n'